A density matrix is a matrix that describes the statistical state of a system in quantum mechanics. The density matrix is especially helpful for dealing with mixed states, which consist of a statistical ensemble of several different quantum systems. The opposite of a mixed state is a pure state. Density Matrices Having developed the basic density matrix formalism, let us now revisit it, filling in some motivational aspects. First, we consider the measurement process. It is useful here to regard an experiment as a two-stage process: 1. Preparation of the system. 2. Measurement of some physical aspect(s) of the system. For spin 1/2 that leaves 3 real parameters. The most general density matrix can be constructed from ˙as ˆ= 1 2 (1 + a˙) where a is a real vector. And we see as noted above that we need to measure 3 observables, namely the polarization, to determine the state of the ensemble.
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Quantum Theory, Lecture 9: Quantum Statistical Mechanics. Density Matrices. Ensembles., time: 1:18:45
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